Appearance
《大学英语》第二学期期末试卷(精选06)
一、单项选择（本大题共5小题，每题4分，共20分）
You must ______ your gun and uniform when you leave the army.
- A. turn up
- B. turn in
- C. turn round
- D. turn against
Please ______ your telephone number on the application form.
- A. depend on
- B. fill with
- C. fill out
- D. find out
How much did you ______ that dictionary?
- A. cost
- B. spend
- C. pay for
- D. take for
Anna doesn't have ______ Susan.
- A. so many money as
- B. as much money as
- C. as many money as
- D. as much money so
If it rains, the boy usually ______ to school by bus.
- A. goes
- B. went
- C. go
- D. will go
查看答案与解析
答案：1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A
解析：
第1题：B — turn in 意为"上交、归还"，离开军队时必须上交枪和制服。
第2题：C — fill out 意为"填写（表格）"，fill out the application form 即填写申请表。
第3题：C — pay for 意为"为……付款"，How much did you pay for... 即"你花了多少钱买……"。
第4题：B — as much + 不可数名词 + as 是比较结构，money 是不可数名词，用 much。
第5题：A — 主将从现，if 条件句用一般现在时，主句也用一般现在时表示习惯性动作。
难度： ⭐ 考点： #动词短语 #比较结构 #条件句时态 #固定搭配
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- turn in — 上交，归还
- fill out — 填写（表格）
- pay for — 为……付款
- as much + 不可数名词 + as — 和……一样多
- 主将从现：if 条件句用一般现在时，主句用将来时或一般现在时（表习惯）
思路分析
单项选择题先判断考点类型，再根据语法规则排除。注意 money 是不可数名词，搭配 much 而非 many。
易错点
- 第1题 turn in（上交）vs turn up（出现），注意区分
- 第4题 money 不可数，不能用 many
- 第5题注意"主将从现"规则，主句用一般现在时表习惯
🔄 举一反三
- You must ______ your homework before Friday.
查看练习答案与解析
答案：turn in解析： turn in 意为"上交"，与 hand in 同义。
- She has ______ books as her brother.
查看练习答案与解析
答案：as many解析： books 是可数名词，用 as many...as 结构。
二、七选五（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）
Looking back on years of living in a working-class home in the North of England, I should say that a good living room must 11 three principal things: homeliness, warmth and plenty of good food. The living-room is the warm heart of the family and 12 often slightly stuffy to a middle-class visitor. It is not a social centre but a family centre; little entertaining goes on there or in the front room, if there 13 to be one; you do not entertain in anything approaching the middle-class 14. The wife's social life outside her 15 family is found over the washing-line, at the little shop on the corner, visiting relatives at a moderate 16 occasionally, and perhaps now and again a visit with her husband to his pub or club. Apart from these two places, he has just his work and his football matches. They will have, each of them, friends at all these places, who may well not know what the inside of their house is like, having never "stepped across the threshold," as the old 17 phrase has it. The family hearth is 18 for the family itself, and those who are "something to us" (another favourite formula) and who look in for a talk or just to sit. Much of the free time of a man and his wife will 19 be passed at that hearth. Just staying in is still one of the most common leisure-time 20.
| 选项 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A. happens | B. professions | C. sense | D. nevertheless |
| E. fashioned | F. distance | G. immediate | H. usually |
| I. occupations | J. preserved | K. imitate | L. provide |
| M. therefore | N. reserved | O. contribute |
查看答案与解析
答案：11. L 12. M 13. A 14. C 15. G 16. F 17. E 18. N 19. H 20. I
解析：
11. L (provide)：must provide three principal things 意为"必须提供三个主要东西"。
12. M (therefore)：and therefore often slightly stuffy 意为"因此对中产阶级访客来说有点闷"。
13. A (happens)：if there happens to be one 意为"如果碰巧有的话"。
14. C (sense)：in anything approaching the middle-class sense 意为"以接近中产阶级意义上的方式"。
15. G (immediate)：her immediate family 意为"她的直系亲属"。
16. F (distance)：at a moderate distance 意为"在适度的距离内"。
17. E (fashioned)：old-fashioned phrase 意为"老式的说法"。
18. N (reserved)：is reserved for 意为"专供……使用"。
19. H (usually)：will usually be passed 意为"通常会在那里度过"。
20. I (occupations)：leisure-time occupations 意为"休闲时间的消遣"。
难度： ⭐⭐ 考点： #完形填空 #词性判断 #固定搭配 #上下文推断
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- provide — 提供
- immediate family — 直系亲属
- old-fashioned — 老式的
- reserved for — 专供……使用
- leisure-time occupations — 休闲消遣
思路分析
选词填空解题步骤：①先判断空格词性；②根据上下文语义缩小范围；③检查搭配和语法。本文描述工人阶级家庭的生活方式和社交模式。
易错点
- 第17题 old-fashioned 是复合形容词，不要拆开理解
- 第20题 occupations 在此意为"消遣"，不是"职业"
🔄 举一反三
- The VIP room is ______ for special guests only.
查看练习答案与解析
答案：reserved解析： be reserved for 意为"专供……使用"。
- Her ______ family includes her parents and siblings.
查看练习答案与解析
答案：immediate解析： immediate family 意为"直系亲属"。
三、阅读理解（本大题共15小题，每题2分，共30分）
A
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or develop resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
What is believed to directly affect the welfare of people according to the passage?
- A. Varying measures of centralized control
- B. Economic strength and wealth of the community
- C. Economists and operational research experts
- D. Help of specialized scientists
How can the governments promote the production?
- A. By interfering in different sectors that can promote science and technology to ensure smooth operation
- B. By asking the scientists and technologists to improve efficiency
- C. By utilizing natural resources to the best advantage
- D. By changing the structure of education to train more scientists
What can be inferred from the development in mass-communications?
- A. People are constantly changing their customs and ideas.
- B. People always want something new and remarkable to feel better.
- C. Governments are under greater pressure of bringing about new inventions.
- D. Governments are often forced to keep up with new customs and ideas.
What has posed pressures and problems for the governments concerned according to the passage?
- A. Social changes throughout the world are speeding up compared with the past.
- B. The rate of social changes in the early industrialized countries is becoming slow now.
- C. The far-reaching changes in social patterns can be spread over in a developing country within a decade.
- D. The normal rate of social changes is taking place at a steady speed.
Why are governments becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists?
- A. Because governments need to handle social stresses and problems.
- B. Because governments want to learn from early industrialized countries.
- C. Because governments have to make modern means of transport relatively easy.
- D. Because governments need them for the industrialization of their own countries.
查看答案与解析
答案：1. B 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. A
解析：
第1题：B — 第一句说 the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。
第2题：A — 第一段说政府通过干预各部门来促进科技发展，确保生产顺利进行。
第3题：D — 第二段说 governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations，政府被迫跟上新习俗和新观念。
第4题：A — 第二段说 the normal rate of social change...is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed，社会变化加速给政府带来压力。
第5题：A — 最后一句说 governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs，政府需要他们来应对社会压力和问题。
难度： ⭐⭐⭐ 考点： #说明文阅读 #细节理解 #推理判断 #因果分析
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- be bound up with — 与……密切相关
- step up production — 提高生产
- hitherto — 到目前为止
- mass-communications — 大众传播
- social stresses — 社会压力
思路分析
本文讨论政府在经济和社会发展中的角色：经济福利依赖经济实力→需要科技支持→政府干预→社会变化加速→需要社会科学家的帮助。
易错点
- 第3题C选项"发明"不准确，原文说的是"创新"（innovations）
- 第4题注意是"社会变化加速"而非"减缓"
🔄 举一反三
- Why do governments need to interfere in economic sectors?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：To step up production and ensure it is utilized to the best advantage.解析： 第一段明确说明了政府干预的目的。
- What accelerates social change according to the passage?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：The development of mass-communications and modern means of transport.解析： 大众传播让人们接触新观念，现代交通使人口迁移更容易。
B
Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit?
Contrary to "common knowledge", nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine itself can increase basal metabolic rates, meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. Unless nicotine's metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant.
Now a study shows that nicotine's effects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity. "These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than was previously believed," says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work — in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. The activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times.
By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, "It's as if the body is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy."
While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who'd like to quit without gaining weight, Perkins notes that walking an extra mile a day should make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency. And he says smokers would have to gain "well more than 50 pounds" to counterbalance the health risks of continued smoking.
What might "common knowledge" say about smokers and nonsmokers?
- A. Smokers eat more and exercise less than nonsmokers.
- B. Smokers eat less and exercise more than nonsmokers.
- C. Smokers eat more and exercise more than nonsmokers.
- D. Smokers eat less and exercise less than nonsmokers.
When might nicotine influence smokers' weight significantly?
- A. While smokers are at rest.
- B. While smokers are exercising.
- C. When nicotine's metabolic effects and metabolic rates increase at the same rate.
- D. When nicotine's metabolic effects increase proportionally with the amount of light activities.
The word "subjects" in the fourth paragraph means ______.
- A. researchers
- B. addicted smokers
- C. people under medical treatment
- D. people undergoing an experiment
What have the researchers found out in their study?
- A. People in the nicotine group consumed more energy.
- B. People in the control group breathed out more air.
- C. People without nicotine nose spray are becoming much less efficient in using energy.
- D. People in the armchair expended more energy than people doing desk work.
Why do the study results seem discouraging to some smokers according to the passage?
- A. Because they want to keep fit without having to quit smoking.
- B. Because they want to quit smoking and still keep fit.
- C. Because they want to gain weight to tackle the health risks of continued smoking.
- D. Because they want to walk an extra mile a day to lose some weight.
查看答案与解析
答案：6. A 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. B
解析：
第6题：A — "常识"认为吸烟者吃得更多、运动更少，所以应该更重，但实际相反。原文说 Contrary to "common knowledge"，暗示常识认为吸烟者吃得多。
第7题：D — 第三段说 nicotine's effects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity，尼古丁的代谢效应与活动量成正比增加时影响显著。
第8题：D — subjects 在实验语境中意为"实验对象"。
第9题：A — 第五段说 individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy。
第10题：B — 最后一段说 discouraging to smokers who'd like to quit without gaining weight，想戒烟又不想增重的吸烟者会感到沮丧。
难度： ⭐⭐⭐ 考点： #科普阅读 #词义猜测 #实验理解 #推理判断
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- basal metabolic rate — 基础代谢率
- proportionally — 成比例地
- placebo — 安慰剂
- counterbalance — 抵消
- subjects — 实验对象
思路分析
科普类文章结构：提出问题（为什么吸烟者更瘦？）→推翻常识→实验验证→得出结论→实际建议。注意理解实验设计（对照组 vs 实验组）。
易错点
- 第6题注意"常识"与实际情况相反
- 第8题 subjects 在此是"实验对象"，不是"学科"或"主题"
🔄 举一反三
- What is the practical advice for smokers who want to quit without gaining weight?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：Walk an extra mile a day to make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency.解析： Perkins 建议每天多走一英里来弥补代谢效率的差异。
- What does "placebo" mean in the context of this experiment?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：An inactive substance used as a control in testing the effectiveness of a drug.解析： 安慰剂是实验中用于对照的无效药物。
C
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The core of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
What leads to the expansion of science in terms of the new school of scientists?
- A. The creative ideas of the great minds.
- B. The scientific knowledge of the geniuses.
- C. The improvement of ordinary tools and techniques.
- D. The neglected force in scientific innovations.
What is the nature of scientific revolution according to a leader of the new school?
- A. It helps to invent a series of new instruments.
- B. It is actually the result of the development of a series of instruments.
- C. It pushes the science toward a particular direction.
- D. It has improved the techniques in innumerable directions.
Why does modern school of scientists pay attention to the invention and improvement of tools and technology?
- A. Because they can be applied in scientific experiments.
- B. Because they are greatly admired by scientists and inventors.
- C. Because they are overlooked by historians and philosophers.
- D. Because they can be served as a source of basic innovations.
What can be inferred from the statement "the real hero of the story, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses"?
- A. The role of Galileo at the start of the scientific revolution was underestimated.
- B. Ptolemy was the first astronomer to elaborate the system of heavenly motions.
- C. The improved technology and machinery contributed to Galileo's great discovery.
- D. Galileo proved that the sun rather than the earth is the center of the universe.
What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?
- A. The government's decision on its finance allocation is determined by its opinion on the priority between science and technology.
- B. The government has developed pure science at the expense of technology.
- C. The government has attached more importance to technology than pure science.
- D. The government will no longer increase the financial support to pure science.
查看答案与解析
答案：11. C 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. A
解析：
第11题：C — 第一段说 Science moves forward...not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools。
第12题：B — 第一段说 the scientific revolution...was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments。
第13题：D — 第二段说 tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation，工具和技术是基础创新的来源。
第14题：C — 制造眼镜的机械改进导致了望远镜的发明，而望远镜使伽利略的发现成为可能，因此技术才是"真正的英雄"。
第15题：A — 最后一段说政府资金分配取决于"哪个被视为驱动力"，即政府对科学与技术优先级的看法决定资金分配。
难度： ⭐⭐⭐ 考点： #议论文阅读 #主旨理解 #推理判断 #观点分析
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- not so much A as B — 与其说是A不如说是B
- overlooked — 被忽视的
- hail — 赞扬
- at the expense of — 以……为代价
- vice versa — 反之亦然
思路分析
本文核心论点：科学进步主要依赖工具和技术的改进，而非天才的灵感。以伽利略为例，望远镜（技术）才是科学革命的真正推动力。这一观点影响政府的科研资金分配。
易错点
- 第11题注意 not so much A as B 结构，强调的是B
- 第14题"真正的英雄"是技术而非伽利略本人
🔄 举一反三
- What is the "technology vs. genius dispute" about?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：Whether scientific progress is driven more by technological tools or by the genius of great scientists.解析： 争议的核心是科学进步的驱动力是技术还是天才。
- How does the Galileo example support the new school's argument?
查看练习答案与解析
答案：Galileo's discovery depended on the telescope, which was made possible by improvements in eyeglass-making machinery. Without this technology, his genius alone would not have sufficed.解析： 望远镜的发明源于眼镜制造技术的进步，说明技术是科学发现的前提。
四、翻译（本大题共1题，共15分）
中国菜(cuisine)是中国各地区、各民族各种菜肴的统称，也指发源于中国的烹饪方式。中国菜历史悠久，流派(genre)众多，主要代表菜系有"八大菜系"。每一菜系因气候、地理、历史、烹饪技巧和生活方式的差异而风格各异。中国菜的调料(seasoning)丰富多样，调料的不同是形成地方特色菜的主要原因之一。中国菜强调色、香、味俱佳，味是菜肴的灵魂。中国饮食文化博大精深，作为世界三大菜系之一的中国菜，在海内外享有盛誉。
查看答案与解析
参考译文：
Chinese cuisine is a general term for the various dishes of different regions and ethnic groups in China, and also refers to the cooking methods originating in China. Chinese cuisine has a long history and numerous genres, with the "Eight Great Cuisines" as the main representative styles. Each cuisine style varies due to differences in climate, geography, history, cooking techniques, and lifestyle. Chinese cuisine features a rich variety of seasonings, and the difference in seasonings is one of the main reasons for the formation of local specialty dishes. Chinese cuisine emphasizes excellence in color, aroma, and taste, with taste being the soul of a dish. Chinese culinary culture is profound and extensive. As one of the three major cuisines in the world, Chinese cuisine enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad.
解析：
- "统称"：a general term，固定译法。
- "发源于"：originating in，现在分词作后置定语。
- "八大菜系"：the Eight Great Cuisines，约定译法。
- "风格各异"：varies due to differences in...，用 vary 表达差异。
- "色、香、味俱佳"：excellence in color, aroma, and taste，三要素的固定译法。
- "味是菜肴的灵魂"：taste being the soul of a dish，独立主格结构。
- "博大精深"：profound and extensive。
- "享有盛誉"：enjoys a high reputation。
难度： ⭐⭐⭐ 考点： #汉译英 #文化类翻译 #专有名词 #固定表达
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- Chinese cuisine — 中国菜
- the Eight Great Cuisines — 八大菜系
- color, aroma, and taste — 色、香、味
- profound and extensive — 博大精深
- enjoy a high reputation — 享有盛誉
思路分析
文化类翻译要点：①专有名词用约定译法；②四字成语拆译或用对应英文表达；③注意"色香味"的固定译法。
易错点
- "色、香、味"不要译为 color, smell, taste，应用 color, aroma, and taste
- "博大精深"不要直译为 broad and deep
- "八大菜系"用大写 the Eight Great Cuisines
🔄 举一反三
- 四川菜以辣味著称。
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参考译文： Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy flavor. 解析： be famous for — 以……著称，spicy flavor — 辣味。
- 中国饮食文化博大精深，源远流长。
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参考译文： Chinese culinary culture is profound and extensive, with a long history. 解析： profound and extensive — 博大精深，with a long history — 源远流长。
五、写作（本大题共1题，共15分）
建议你在30分钟内，根据下面所给的提纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。
你应邀到一位好友家吃晚饭。事后给朋友写信表示谢意。你的信应包括下列内容：
- 表达谢意；
- 表达想回请的意愿；
- 期待朋友的光临。
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参考范文：
Dear Mary,
Thank you so much for inviting me to dinner at your home last Saturday. I had a wonderful time and truly enjoyed the delicious meal you prepared. The roast beef was absolutely fantastic, and the chocolate cake for dessert was the best I have ever tasted.
I would love to return the favor and invite you to dinner at my place. How about next Friday evening at 7 o'clock? I plan to cook some traditional Chinese dishes for you, which I hope you will enjoy.
I am really looking forward to seeing you again. Please let me know if Friday works for you.
Yours, Li Hua
解析：
- 格式：书信格式，包含称呼和落款。
- 内容要点：①表达谢意 → ②回请意愿 → ③期待光临。
- 语言亮点：
- return the favor — 回报
- absolutely fantastic — 非常棒
- looking forward to — 期待
难度： ⭐⭐ 考点： #书信写作 #感谢信 #提纲式作文
💡 学习锦囊
📖 相关公式与知识点：
- Thank you for inviting me to... — 感谢邀请
- return the favor — 回报
- look forward to doing — 期待做
- How about...? — ……怎么样？（提建议）
思路分析
感谢信写作步骤：①开头表达感谢；②具体说明感谢的原因；③提出回请；④期待再次见面。注意书信格式和语气亲切。
易错点
- 书信格式不能遗漏称呼和落款
- look forward to 后接动名词，不是不定式
- 三个提纲要点都必须覆盖
🔄 举一反三
- Write a thank-you letter after receiving a birthday gift. Include: (1) thanks; (2) how you will use it; (3) hope to meet soon.
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参考范文： Dear Tom, Thank you so much for the wonderful book you gave me for my birthday! I have already started reading it and find it fascinating. I will definitely share my thoughts with you once I finish it. I hope we can get together soon. How about having coffee next weekend? Yours, Li Hua 解析： 覆盖三个要点，格式正确，语气亲切。